Journal Basic Info

  • Impact Factor: 2.709**
  • H-Index: 11 
  • ISSN: 2474-1663
  • DOI: 10.25107/2474-1663
**Impact Factor calculated based on Google Scholar Citations. Please contact us for any more details.

Major Scope

  •  Immunology
  •  Sarcomas
  •  Head and Neck Oncology
  •  Carcinomas
  •  Immunotherapy
  •  Stomach Cancer
  •  Adjuvant Therapy
  •  Pancreatic Cancer

Abstract

Citation: Clin Oncol. 2016;1(1):1121.DOI: 10.25107/2474-1663.1121

A Contemporary Review of Risk Factors for Bladder Cancer

Lokeshwar SD, Klaassen Z and Terris MK


Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, USA
Department of Urology, Augusta University, USA

*Correspondance to: Martha K. Terris 

 PDF  Full Text Review Article | Open Access

Abstract:

Increased risk of bladder cancer has historically been associated with smoking and environmental exposure, however other factors have recently been investigated. The role of marijuana and bladder cancer risk requires further validation, although there appears to be an inverse relationship perhaps associated with decreased tobacco smoking. A correlation between obesity and increased risk of bladder cancer has yet to be established, however the pro-inflammatory affect of obesity and the operative challenges associated with obese patients suggest a potential relationship. African Americans race is associated with a higher likelihood of mortality and recurrence after bladder cancer diagnosis, likely secondary to poorer socioeconomic status and lack of access to healthcare. Although men are more likely to present with bladder cancer, the mortality rates in women are higher due to delayed diagnosis. Finally, radiation exposure from treatment of previous primary malignancies increases bladder cancer risk, as does environmental contaminants such as arsenic. Health care providers should ultimately seek to alleviate preventable disparities associated with increased risk of bladder cancer, as well as be aware of less common, high-risk patient populations when evaluating and educating patients and their families.

Keywords:

Bladder cancer; Mortality; Lymphadenectomy

Cite the Article:

Lokeshwar SD, Klaassen Z, Terris MK. A Contemporary Review of Risk Factors for Bladder Cancer. Clin Oncol. 2016; 1: 1121.

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