Research Article

Evaluation of Adverse Events in Dogs with Adenoviral Therapy by Intralymphonodal Administration in Canine Spontaneous Multicentric Lymphosarcoma

L. Núñez-Ochoa1*, V. Madrid-Marina2 and A. Gutiérrez-López3
1Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, CDMX, Mexico
2Direction of Molecular Virology, Infectious Diseases Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, CDMX Mexico
3Cellular Therapy Unit, Rehabilitation National Institute, CDMX, Mexico. Current address: Oncolytics Biotech Inc.


*Corresponding author: Luis Núñez-Ochoa, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Circuito Exterior s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, Cto. Exterior s / n, Cd. Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico


Published: 03 Apr, 2017
Cite this article as: Núñez-Ochoa L, Madrid-Marina V, Gutiérrez-López A. Evaluation of Adverse Events in Dogs with Adenoviral Therapy by Intralymphonodal Administration in Canine Spontaneous Multicentric Lymphosarcoma. Clin Oncol. 2017; 2: 1258.

Abstract

Background: Therapy administration in cancer is mainly performed by intravenous, oral, and in situ routes. Adverse Events (AE) are a significant limitation of adenoviral vectors during somatic gene therapy. There are some partial evaluations of AE in canine cancer research. The objective of this study was to evaluate AE in adenoviral vector-mediated gene therapy administered by Intralymphonodal Route (ILNR) in canine lymphosarcoma.
Methods: AE were determined in five dogs with spontaneous multicentric lymphosarcoma. A non replicative recombinant adenovirus vector with a LacZ reporter gene was administered once by ILNR at a starting dose of 1.35 X 1010 pfu/kg, with a dose-escalation model to 1.25 X 1012 pfu/kg considered under these conditions, as the Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD). AE was evaluated by a canine scale for attribution of AE based in selected clinical findings, hemogram, biochemistry, and urinalysis.
Results: No significant AE were observed during the study, therefore, no Dose-Limiting Toxicity (DLT) and MTD were found in any dog.
Conclusion: Administration of adenovirus vector exhibited no clinical, nor laboratory significant AE in this canine ILNR clinical trial. This suggests that adenoviral gene therapy by ILNR is safe for use in dogs with lymphosarcoma and a potential model of administration in animals and human beings with metastasis to lymph nodes.
Keywords: Adverse events; Dogs; Lymph node; Intralymphonodal administration; Adenoviral vector; Gene therapy; Lymphosarcoma; Lymphoma; Hemogram; Clinical biochemistry


Introduction

The treatment of Lymphosarcoma (LSA) in human and canine patients has predominantly been based on conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy [1-3]. Although an improvement in response rates and survival has been obtained with these therapies over the years, a significant number of patients do not respond or relapse. In addition, conventional chemotherapy is often associated with morbidity, toxicity [4] and chemoresistance [5,6]. During the last decade, advancements brought about by the introduction of new biotechnological therapies have entered into the human oncology. These targeted therapies are dominated by the monoclonal antibodies, which have emerged as important therapeutic agents in the treatment of several malignancies including non-Hodgkin lymphosarcoma (NHL) [7,8]. Viral vectors have frequently been applied in somatic gene therapy with the final goal of treating various genetic diseases in the areas of neurology, metabolic disease, hemostasis and cancer. Vectors have been engineered based on AAV, adenoviruses, alphaviruses, herpes simplex viruses, lentiviruses, and retroviruses [9,10]. One of the challenges of current gene therapy vector development, concerns targeting a therapeutic gene to diseased cells with the aim of achieving sufficient gene expression in the affected tissue, while minimizing toxicity and expression in other tissues. Human adenovirus serotype 5 of subgroup C (Ad5) vectors are very popular in somatic gene therapy because the most is known about the structure and biology, it can be easily modified and there are convenient biological reagents available to produce recombinant Ad5 vectors in large quantities without modifying their ability to infect cells, which are not oncogenic in humans [11,12] and remain an attractive tool for gene therapy approaches because of their nonintegrating nature and the ability to infect dividing and non-dividing cells [13]. Dogs have been used as animal models of many human diseases, and several gene therapy approaches, such as strategies for hemophilia A [14], hemophilia B [15], cancer [16-18], hematopoietic growth factors [19], lesions in the avascular portion of the meniscus [20], biological pacemaker activity of heart [21], diabetic canine pancreas [22], cerebral vasospasm [23], canine muscular dystrophy [24], and hereditary retinal degeneration [25] have been assayed.
It is now well accepted that there is a dose-dependent toxicity associated with systemic delivery of adenoviral vectors, the risk of hepatotoxicity is a major concern. Vectors that can target specific tissues following systemic or minimally invasive administration would enhance their therapeutic potential and expand their application [26]. LSA is the most frequently occurring hematological malignant neoplasm in the dog. The multicentric form of LSA is most common, with varying degrees of involvement of lymph nodes, liver, spleen, blood, and bone marrow [27]. During clinical trials one important feature is the drug safety assessment monitoring of possible drug-induced organ injury. The evaluation of Adverse Events (AE) considered as any unfavorable and unintended sign including abnormal laboratory values, symptoms, or disease findings temporally associated with the use of a medical treatment or procedure that may or may not be considered related to the medical treatment or procedure. An AE is a term that is a unique representation of a specific event used for medical documentation and scientific analyses [28]. There are some partial or organ specific recommendations for assessment of AE as the one proposed by the Regulatory Affairs Committee of the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology for the selection and interpretation of clinical pathology of liver-specific analytes data for a consistent and rigorous approach to the use in the identification and assessment of the potential for drug-induced hepatic injury in animals and the potential for hepatic injury in humans [29].


Table 1

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Table 1
Selected mesurands for adverse events evaluation in liver, kidneys, pancreas, muscle, hearth, general cellular integrity and acid-base.

Objective

The present study was conducted to assess the clinical, hematological, biochemical and urinary AE associated with a single intralymphonodal administration of adenovirus vector in dogs with spontaneous multicentric lymphosarcoma.


Materials and Methods

The study was carried out at the Small Animal Teaching Hospital of UNAM, Rehabilitation National Institute and Experto Sur Veterinary Clinical Pathology Laboratory in Mexico City. Dogs were evaluated before and monitored for selected clinical and laboratory AE throughout the trial in the clinic on the 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after receiving intralymphonodal (ILN) adenoviral vector in D-MEM/F-12 vehicle (11039-021 GIBCO™ Invitrogen Co. USA).
Animals
Five adult dogs (1 male and 4 females) with spontaneous multicentric lymphosarcoma were used and housed individually in raised metal cages during this study. Prior to each sampling dogs were fasted for 12 hours and water retired 4 hours before sampling. Design of the study was approved by the local ethic committee at College of Veterinary Medicine of UNAM.
Lymphosarcoma diagnosis
All cases had a clinical, radiological, hematological and cytological diagnosis of WHO’s clinical stage III a to V b multicentric lymphosarcoma [30].
Adenovirus
The non-replicative recombinant Ad5 vector (E1 and E3 regions deleted) with a E. coli lacZ reporter gene (provided by Dr. Curiel, Gene Therapy Center Alabama University), which expresses the enzyme beta-galactosidase (Ad5B-gal) was amplified and tittered (AdEasy™ Vector System Quantum Technologies. Application Manual. Version 1.2) and purified (Adeno-X™ Virus Mini Purificator kit. Clontech Laboratories, Inc).
Adenovirus infectivity test
Prior the ILN administration Ad5B-gal infectivity was demonstrated in Hela cell line (VCA-1001, Amaxa, Inc. USA) using the detection of β-galactosidase by overnight X-Gal staining at 37ºC (AdEasy™ Vector System Quantum Technologies. Application Manual. Version 1.2. Montreal, Qc. Canada).
Clinical signs
The clinical examination included anorexia, body temperature, cardiac frequency, respiratory frequency, vomit, dehydration, diarrhea and edema. A complete laboratory panel was used for AE research. The animals were observed every two hours during the 72 hours of study.
Clinical Pathology
A complete clinical pathology profile was established to evaluate hematological (hematocrit, hemoglobin, erythrocytes, MCV, MCHC, reticulocytes, nucleated and abnormal erythrocytic morphology, leukocytes, neutrophils, band neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, platelets, total solids, and fibrinogen), hepatic, renal, pancreatic, muscular, cardiac, acid-base balance changes, and general cellular integrity (Table 1) [31].
Experimental design
A total of five Ad5B-gal ILN dose escalation levels were explored (Table 2), one dose by dog (following the AE guide of Table 3). The attribution grade of adverse events was applied according to Table 4 from which the adjustment value was subtracted from the Table 5 indications, to ensure that treatment-related conditions are distinguished from disease-related conditions to obtain the real grade (modified from National Cancer Institute NCI CTEP version 4.03.2010).
Dose-limiting toxicity
The dose-limiting toxicity was defined as a grade 3 or grater for clinical or laboratory AE.
Laboratory analysis
Blood was collected for serum biochemistry and hemogram evaluation. The biochemistry analytes were determined by Cobas Mira® Chemistry Analyzer (Roche Diagnostic Systems, Inc. New Jersey, USA), and EasyLyte Plus Na+/K+/Cl- (Medica Corporation MA USA), the hemogram, was evaluated by the Coulter Counter® T-540 (Coulter Electronics, Inc. Florida, USA). Urine voided samples was collected and chemistry was evaluated with Combur10 Test® M (Roche, Germany).
Data analysis
Data were classified in accordance with our adverse events guide for dogs (Table 3) and the grading adjustment values related with the attribution of adverse events (Table 5). Statistical significance of experimental results was analyzed by two-tailed Student’s t-test (SPSS) to compare paired data in dogs with LSA. Differences were considered significant if P was <0.05.


Table 2

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Table 2
Experimental design.

Table 3

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Table 3
Adverse events guide for dogs.

Table 4

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Table 4
Grading scale for attribution of adverse events.

Table 5

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Table 5
Grading adjustment values related with the attribution of adverse events.

Table 6

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Table 6
Descriptive statistics and grades of clinical adverse events in 5 dogs with spontaneous multicentric lymphosarcoma. Grade adjustment after Ad5B-gal intralymphonodal administration.

Table 7

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Table 7
Descriptive statistics and grades of hematological adverse events in 5 dogs with spontaneous multicentric lymphosarcoma. Grade adjustment after Ad5B-gal intralymphonodal administration.

Table 8

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Table 8
Descriptive statistics and grades of hepatic adverse events in 5 dogs with spontaneous multicentric lymphosarcoma. Grade adjustment after Ad5B-gal intralymphonodal administration.

Results

None of dogs that received Ad5B-gal died during the course of the study.
No DLT was observed in all patients, and therefore, the MTD was not established.
Clinical evaluation
All doses of Ad5B-gal were well tolerated; no significant AE was related to the administration of vector (Table 6). Anorexia was from grade 2 to 0 in 24 h after intralymphonodal treatment indicating a favorable event. In dogs receiving higher doses (18.38 X 1010/VP/kg and 153.85 X 1010/VP/kg) a small single vomit was present in the first 12 h post adenoviral administration. Cardiac frequency was elevated during most evaluations. Respiratory frequency was statistically different in 12-24 h but not dose-dependent. Four dogs had predose submandibular or limb edema, therefore these results were not considered secondary to adenoviral vector. Diarrhea and fever changes were clearly related to disease (Table 6).
Hematological evaluation
The gradual decrease from pre-dose to 72 h (9.2%) of hematocrit was found. Two dogs manifested anemia at 0 h and another at 72 h. Leukocytosis and neutrophilia was present during the 5 sampling times in two dogs, one dog only at 12 hours (high dose dog). The progressive decrease of total solids was statistically significant at 12- 24 h and 12-48 h comparison (Table 7).
Liver evaluation
The levels of glucose and triglycerides were statistically different but within the reference values. The high values of ALT, AST and AP enzymes were similar pre and post-dose. Even if the decrease of proteins was significant between 0-72 h, the results are within reference values. This was associated with gradual decrease of albumin statistically different at 0-48 h and 0-72 h (Table 8).
Acid-base evaluation
No observable changes were seen with K+ and SIDclin. Electrolytes (Na+, Cl- and HCO3 -) decreased at 12 h post-dose and were different at 0 and 24 h. There was a slight increase at grade 1 in the concentration of NVA after 72 h of dosing.
Cell integrity
Total LDH was found increased at 12 and 24 h post-dose at grade 1 but not statistically significant.
No significant variations were seen in kidneys, urinalysis, pancreas, muscle and heart evaluations.


Discussion

To our knowledge, there are no reports in the literature about ILNR oncolytic adenovirus administration. The different routes utilized for adenovector-mediated gene transfer administration in vivo have had different tolerance and limitations. Major disadvantages of human adenovirus vectors in gene therapy include preexisting or induced immune responses, and possible coreplication of recombinant Ad in the presence of wild-type Ads [32]. One of these limitations is the low gene transfer rate into organs other than the liver after systemic intravenous vector injection [33]. In a single-dose intravenous injection of 6X1012 viral particles in dogs with hemophilia A for human factor VIII transfer [14], 2X1012 into hepatic artery [17], in situ administration into primary gastric cancer [18], 1X1012 of intraprostatic injection [34], doses of 8.57X1011/VP/kg in dogs with hemophilia B injected intravenously have had no significant AE [13]. Transient hepatic integrity (ALT, AST, ALP), muscular (CK), and primary hemostasis (platelet counts) abnormalities were found after administration of high (3X1012/VP/kg) [35] and low dose (6X1011/VP/ kg) [36]. A high i.v. dose of vector (>1013 VP) has been leading to a systemic cytokine shock and may be resulted in the death [37]. AE was also observed in some studies after Ad administration in situ, not for Ad but for their proteins expressed [18]. The route of administration and the vector affect the level and duration of expression [38]. In situ route is best for transferring the therapeutic gene into cancer cells [18]. The rationale for this approach is to increase the dose effects in a specific tissue, improving antineoplasic efficacy, and reducing or even eliminating the immunosuppression period and other critical AE. Therefore, the neoplasic tissue receives higher quantity of therapeutic product, and its systemic distribution to other sensible healthy organs is reduced. The mild decrease of hematocrit is associated with an evolution of anemia in natural lymphosarcoma cases [39-43] and not related to adenoviral administration, because anemia is one of the most common paraneoplastic syndrome seen in veterinary and human oncology [44]. Cardiac frequency was elevated secondary to anemia which also happens in other cancer patients [45]. Neutrophilic leucocytosis corresponded in our study, with findings reported in dogs with lymphosarcoma [43]. The gradual decrease of total solids, proteins and albumin was none related to treatment. Frequently, hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia are considered as secondary toxic responses to experimental drugs [46,47]. As in this work, these changes are normally present in lymphosarcoma [48]. The decrease of proteins is associated to constant decrease of albumin. In this case the hypoalbuminemia is caused by its decreased synthesis, since it is a negative acute-phase protein [31]. The significant difference in total solids samples was related to mild hemoconcentration found at 12 h. The evaluation of hepatic integrity was similar all times and was dose-independent as opposed to published paper [36]. The difference of electrolyte concentrations among 12 h and 0 h or 24 h was related to the degree of animal hydration, because their appetite and water consumption improved from 12 h post-dose to the end of study. The marginal AE of NVA evaluation at 72 h is consistent with a mild pseudometabolic acidosis or spurious decrease of HCO3 - due to in vitro loss because the serum sample was analyzed 12 hours after the sampling [49].
Most of clinical and laboratory changes were considered not treatment-related, but disease-related conditions.


Conclusions

To the author’s knowledge, this is the first report about intralymphonodal administration of adenovirus for gene therapy. The administration of Ad5 vector in canine spontaneous multicentric lymphosarcoma at high dose exhibited no clinical, nor laboratory significant adverse events. This suggests that Ad5B-gal is a safe vector for use in lymphosarcoma gene therapy. This data provides the basis to consider the lymphonodal route as an appropriate way for therapy administration without significant adverse events in canine lymphosarcoma and a potential model for applied therapy research in lymphonodal metastasis in animals and human beings.


Acknowledgments

This project was supported by National Council for Science and Technology of Mexico and National Autonomous University of Mexico and funded by grant from Experto Sur Veterinary Laboratory, Mexico city (LE01-0206).


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